अध्याय का सार
Water is essential for life, कृषि, उद्योग and domestic use. Uneven rainfall, rising demand and over-exploitation create जल stress, making संरक्षण, rainजल harvesting and careful management महत्त्वपूर्ण.
विस्तृत पाठ्यपुस्तक-आधारित अवधारणाएँ
Water scarcity
Scarcity may result from population growth, intensive irrigation, urbanisation, industrialisation and unequal access. Even areas with rainfall can experience shortages when demand is high.
Multipurpose river projects
Dams can provide irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, जल supply, navigation and recreation. They may also cause displacement, ecological change and conflicts over benefits and costs.
Integrated जल management
Water planning must consider river basins, groundजल, surface जल, कृषि, cities and ecosystems together rather than treating each use separately.
Rainजल harvesting
Collecting and storing rainजल can recharge groundजल and reduce dependence on distant supplies. Traditional and modern systems are used in different regions.
Groundजल and irrigation
Excessive pumping can lower जल tables. Efficient irrigation, जलshed management and crop choices can reduce pressure on groundजल.
Water संरक्षण
Reducing wastage, reusing जल, protecting catchments and maintaining recharge areas are key components of sustainable जल management.
अंतिम समय की पुनरावृत्ति
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.