अध्याय का सार
Agriculture is a प्रमुख economic activity and supports food supply, रोज़गार and industries. भारतn कृषि includes diverse farming systems and cropping patterns shaped by climate, soil, technology and बाज़ारs.
विस्तृत पाठ्यपुस्तक-आधारित अवधारणाएँ
Types of farming
Primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence and commercial farming differ in scale, inputs, labour, बाज़ार orientation and technology. Plantation कृषि is a form of commercial farming with large-scale production of selected crops.
Cropping patterns
Multiple cropping and crop rotation help use land and seasons efficiently. इस अध्याय में highlights rabi, kharif and zaid cropping seasons.
Major crops
Rice, wheat, millets, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee, rubber, cotton and jute have different climatic and soil requirements and regional concentrations.
Technological and institutional changes
Irrigation, high-yielding varieties, fertilisers, mechanisation and institutional reforms increased productivity in many areas, especially during the Green Revolution.
Problems and reforms
Small holdings, dependence on monsoon, soil degradation, बाज़ार risks and uneven access to inputs affect farmers. Institutional credit, insurance, storage, diversification and sustainable practices are महत्त्वपूर्ण.
Globalisation and कृषि
Agricultural producers increasingly interact with national and international बाज़ारs. Commercial crops and food-processing linkages can create opportunities as well as price and input risks.
अंतिम समय की पुनरावृत्ति
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.