अध्याय का सार
Development does not have a single meaning for everyone. People seek income as well as security, equality, freedom, health, education and respect. इस अध्याय में uses different indicators and public facilities to explain why विकास must be assessed broadly.
विस्तृत पाठ्यपुस्तक-आधारित अवधारणाएँ
Different goals
Different लोग can have different and even conflicting विकास goals. A good विकास process should improve well-being without creating unacceptable costs for others.
Income and other criteria
Average income helps compare economies, but income alone cannot capture health, education, equality, security or environmental quality.
Per capita income
Average income is commonly calculated as total income divided by population. It is useful for comparison but hides inequalities within a population.
Public facilities
Schools, healthcare, sanitation, clean जल, transport and social security can improve quality of life even when household incomes differ.
Human विकास
Development is multidimensional and includes capabilities and opportunities. Indicators such as health and education complement income measures.
Sustainability
Development should not exhaust natural संसाधनों or impose environmental costs on future generations. Sustainable विकास balances present well-being with long-term resource security.
अंतिम समय की पुनरावृत्ति
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.