अध्याय का सार
Globalisation refers to growing integration of production and बाज़ारs across countries. Multinational corporations, investment, technology, trade liberalisation and global production networks have reshaped भारतn बाज़ारs and firms.
विस्तृत पाठ्यपुस्तक-आधारित अवधारणाएँ
Multinational corporations
MNCs operate or control production in more than one country. They may invest directly, partner with local firms, outsource production or build supply networks.
Production across countries
Different stages of production can be located where costs, skills, बाज़ारs or infrastructure are favourable, creating international production networks.
Liberalisation
Reduction of trade and investment barriers can increase competition, imports, exports and foreign investment. Policy changes in भारत accelerated integration with the world अर्थव्यवस्था.
Effects on producers and consumers
Globalisation can expand consumer choice, बाज़ारs and technology, but benefits are uneven. Small producers may face strong competition while successful firms can gain access to larger बाज़ारs.
Fair globalisation
Policies can support workers, small producers and environmental standards so that gains from globalisation are more widely shared.
अंतिम समय की पुनरावृत्ति
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.