अध्याय का सार
इस अध्याय में presents globalisation as a long historical process involving trade, migration, technology, capital, labour and colonialism. It connects nineteenth-century flows with the world अर्थव्यवस्था of the twentieth century.
विस्तृत पाठ्यपुस्तक-आधारित अवधारणाएँ
Pre-modern global links
Trade routes, migration, cultural exchange and movement of goods existed long before modern globalisation. The Silk Routes illustrate long-distance connections.
Nineteenth-century flows
Corn Laws, migration, investment and technological change linked बाज़ारs and regions. Railways and steamships reduced transport time and costs.
Indentured labour
Workers from भारत and other colonies were transported under indenture to plantations and other sectors. The system combined labour migration with coercive and unequal conditions.
Colonialism and global अर्थव्यवस्था
Colonial rule reshaped production and trade to serve imperial interests, affecting कृषि, industries and livelihoods.
Great Depression
Falling agricultural prices, reduced trade and unरोज़गार caused widespread hardship in the 1930s, showing how integrated economies can transmit crises.
Post-war institutions
After the Second World War, new international financial and trade institutions and later technological changes contributed to a renewed phase of global integration.
अंतिम समय की पुनरावृत्ति
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.