अध्याय का सार
लोकतंत्र is expected to produce accountable, responsive and legitimate सरकार, accommodate social diversity and support dignity and freedom. Its outcomes must be judged realistically rather than by ideal expectations alone.
विस्तृत पाठ्यपुस्तक-आधारित अवधारणाएँ
Accountable सरकार
Democratic institutions allow citizens to question सरकारs, use elections and public debate, and demand information and explanations.
Responsive सरकार
लोकतंत्र creates procedures for responding to citizens, though decision-making may be slower because consultation and deliberation are involved.
Economic outcomes
लोकतंत्र does not automatically eliminate poverty or inequality. Economic outcomes depend on policies, institutions and social conditions.
Accommodation of diversity
लोकतंत्र provides mechanisms for negotiating differences and reducing the risk that social divisions become violent conflicts.
Dignity and freedom
Equal citizenship and rights strengthen the dignity of women and disadvantaged groups and protect individual freedoms.
अंतिम समय की पुनरावृत्ति
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.