باب کا خلاصہ
Development does not have a single meaning for everyone. People seek income as well as security, equality, freedom, health, education and respect. اس باب میں uses different indicators and public facilities to explain why ترقی must be assessed broadly.
درسی کتاب پر مبنی تفصیلی تصورات
Different goals
Different لوگ can have different and even conflicting ترقی goals. A good ترقی process should improve well-being without creating unacceptable costs for others.
Income and other criteria
Average income helps compare economies, but income alone cannot capture health, education, equality, security or environmental quality.
Per capita income
Average income is commonly calculated as total income divided by population. It is useful for comparison but hides inequalities within a population.
Public facilities
Schools, healthcare, sanitation, clean پانی, transport and social security can improve quality of life even when household incomes differ.
Human ترقی
Development is multidimensional and includes capabilities and opportunities. Indicators such as health and education complement income measures.
Sustainability
Development should not exhaust natural وسائل or impose environmental costs on future generations. Sustainable ترقی balances present well-being with long-term resource security.
آخری وقت کی دہرائی
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.