باب کا خلاصہ
Industrialisation changed production, labour, منڈیs and urban life. اس باب میں explains proto-industrialisation, factory production, industrial growth in Britain, and the ترقی of industries in colonial ہندوستان.
درسی کتاب پر مبنی تفصیلی تصورات
Proto-industrialisation
Before factories became widespread, merchants organised production through rural households. This system connected producers to wider منڈیs.
Factories and mechanisation
The factory system brought workers and machines together. Steam power and mechanisation transformed production, though hand labour remained اہم in many sectors.
Industrialisation in Britain
Cotton textiles became a leading صنعت. Industrial growth involved new technologies, changing labour relations and expansion of منڈیs.
Workers and living conditions
Industrial workers often faced long hours, low wages, insecurity and harsh conditions. Child labour was also widespread in the early industrial era.
ہندوستانn textiles and colonial rule
ہندوستانn handloom industries faced competition and colonial policies. Yet ہندوستانn weavers adapted, specialised and continued production in several منڈیs.
Industrial growth in ہندوستان
New factories and industries developed in colonial ہندوستان, including cotton mills, jute and other enterprises. Entrepreneurs and merchant capital played اہم roles.
آخری وقت کی دہرائی
Revise the definitions, causes, effects, examples, comparisons and textbook activities. Practise map/figure-based points where applicable and answer the chapter exercises in your own words.